Patrik Schumacher:威尼斯建築雙年展的「建築」在哪裡?

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2023年5月20日,第18屆威尼斯建築雙年展正式開幕,主題為「未來實驗室」(The Laboratory of the Future)。威尼斯建築雙年展由三個部分組成:每個國家各自策展的國家館展覽,由每年雙年展策展人舉辦的國際展展覽,以及雙年展策展人批准的島上附屬活動展覽。

Patrik Schumacher對今年威尼斯建築雙年展的尖銳批評

在參觀了部分展館後,Zaha Hadid Architects建築師事務所首席建築師Patrik Schumacher在臉書上發佈了一篇文章「Venice Biennale Blues(威尼斯雙年展的憂鬱)」,表達自己對今年威尼斯建築雙年展的看法。他認為在展覽和展館中沒有「展示任何建築」。Schumacher主張,威尼斯建築雙年展已經在逐步失去其作為全球建築活動的“星光熠熠和無與倫比”的地位,並且正在「消耗其多年來建立的聲譽」。

Patrik Schumacher寫道:「威尼斯建築雙年展被錯誤地標籤,應該停止宣稱自己是建築的代表。」,他認為這個名稱只是「令人對一個不展示任何建築的活動」產生混淆和失望」。Schumacher將此次活動描述為「學科自我毀滅的討論」。

Patrik Schumacher對全球各國在威尼斯建築雙年展展館的觀察

他指出,“大多數的國家展館,如德國法國西班牙英國比利時荷蘭挪威/瑞典、芬蘭,以及日本加拿大澳洲美國,都拒絕展示他們的建築師的作品,或者任何建築。”Schumacher繼續說:“假設威尼斯不僅是我們全球建築行程中最重要的項目,而且也代表了我們一般的論述:我們在這裡見證的是學科自我消解的討論。”

他表示:“我不瞭解其他國家的展館。在12個展館中沒有看到建築,我放棄了。”他寫道:“這告訴我們什麼?德國法國等等,或者在西方世界的任何地方,都沒有值得注意的建築嗎?”他提出疑問:“建築設計和建築施工只是讓人感到不安的場合嗎?這種不安是否是拒絕(至今已經普遍超過十年)展示任何當代建築的動力?”

Patrik Schumacher對現代建築的疑問和挑戰

Schumacher對現代建築界的現狀表達了深深的疑惑和憂慮。他的言論讓人們對於是否需要重新審視和定義建築的價值與意義提出了嚴肅的思考。他的觀察和評論也對現代建築界帶來了挑戰,特別是對於重視實際建築展示與理論研討之間平衡的人來說,這是一次重要的警示。

Patrik Schumacher對Adjaye Associates作品的讚揚

Schumacher提到Adjaye Associates的作品,認定這是另一個「極為出色的例外」。他將David Adjaye的展示稱為“Adjaye Associates的一系列同樣令人印象深刻的項目”。Schumacher明確表示,建築師想要討論(並看見)建築。他澄清說,他們不會去談論去殖民xyz,或許建築教育者會談論這類問題。他認為,這或許就是為什麼建築設計已經在大多數(尤其是最有名望的)建築學院中消失。

Schumacher對當前建築展覽現狀的觀察與評論

Schumacher撰文說,每個受邀的人都在用展覽空間來呈現一種紀實風格的智性-藝術對道德問題的暗示,當然也裝飾了自命不凡的批評語言,而從未冒著真正承擔明確立場或提供建設性建議的風險。“這一切的意義是什麼?”他問道,“它是用來激發對話的嗎?”在Schumacher看來,建築師希望能夠討論(並看見)建築。

Schumacher對威尼斯建築雙年展的非洲建築觀察

這個展覽應該至少有50%的建築師(至少原來如此)來自非洲。Schumacher指出,如果沒有David Adaye的作品 – 他懷疑這可能是這次雙年展中唯一能讓非洲觀眾感到驕傲的展示 – 這次展覽中就不會有非洲建築。他續述道,“我在展覽中找不到Francis Kéré的展示。” Schumacher強調,專注於沒有作品的小型工作室和教育者可能是一個錯誤。“我對非洲的建築師和非洲建築充滿了好奇,但看完展覽後,我對此並無增長。”

Schumacher的觀點:建築應回應社會議題

Schumacher力主,如果我們想要關注任何社會、政治或道德議題,對於建築的重要性就應該透過試圖回應這些議題的專案來呈現。他持續說道,「無論如何談論”擴展領域的建築”,當現場主導者轉為紀實片、批評性藝術實踐和象徵性裝置,而建築作品在展覽空間的99%都無法看見,這樣的情況仍讓我認為我們處在一個建築活動中。」他認為,將社會與當前議題置入特定主題已成為一種安全的道路,這已是預期之中,並且不可避免。

主題化社會問題:建築雙年展的安全選擇

Schumacher寫道:「現在,主題化社會弊病已成為標準、預期、無可指摘、安全的選擇。這也很容易組織並且成本效益。」他認為,對於國家館的策展人來說,這是卸下策展負擔最簡單的方式,但這是一種懶惰且可預見的行為。他質疑,這種狀況還能持續多久?

威尼斯建築雙年展的現狀與未來

Schumacher認為,多年來,威尼斯建築雙年展已經建立起一個卓越、無與倫比的地位,成為全球建築聚集的第一場所。「然而,我認為這個活動現在正逐漸消耗並降低其積累的聲譽。它正在消耗其社會資本。如果活動持續稀釋,甚至主動避免或替換其作為建築活動的使命,那麼如果有新的可能競爭者能提供大多數建築師和我預計的大眾所期待的東西,它將變得容易受到攻擊。」

他警告說:「如果雙年展繼續這樣淡化,甚至主動回避或移位其作為建築活動的使命,那麼它將對新的可能競爭者處於弱勢,如果他們能提供默默多數的建築師和我猜想的大眾所期待的內容。」他總結道:「在此處無法看見任何一絲一毫的景象,但威尼斯建築雙年展多年來對我們的學科起到的重要作用(並且需要被實現)正被人們所忽視。」

建築的使命與期待

最後,他提出了一個問題:「如果我期望在建築雙年展中看到建築設計,那麼我對建築學作為學科的理解是否太狹隘了?」他回答說:「我不這麼認為。」他強調,現在的建築雙年展更像是一場混合了紀實片、批評性藝術實踐和象徵性裝置的展覽,而真正的建築作品卻在展覽空間中幾乎看不見。他對此表示失望,並認為這種狀況需要被改變。


以下是Patrik Schumacher的全文

Venice Biennale Blues 威尼斯雙年展的憂鬱

作者:Patrik Schumacher

威尼斯「建築」雙年展的標籤是錯誤的,應該停止使用「建築」稱號。這個標題會讓人對一個沒有展示任何建築的活動產生困惑和失望。假設威尼斯不僅是我們全球建築系統中最重要的項目,而且還代表了我們一般的論述: 我們在這裡看到的是此學科話語上的自我毀滅。

The Venice “Architecture” Biennale is mislabelled and should stop laying claim to the title of architecture. This title is just generating confusion and disappointment with respect to an event that does not show any architecture.

Assuming Venice to be not only the most important item on our global architectural itinery, but also representative of our discourse in general: What we are witnessing here is the discursive self-annihilation of the discipline.

大多數國家館,像是德國法國西班牙英國比利時荷蘭挪威/瑞典、芬蘭等歐洲主要國家,或是日本加拿大澳洲美國等國家的展館,都沒有呈現該國家建築師的作品,甚至任何建築作品。

Most national pavilions, including all major European nations like Germany, France, Spain, UK, Belgium, Holland, Norway/Sweden, Finnland, but also Japan, Canada, Australia and the USA, refuse to show the work of their architects, or any architecture whatsoever. I don’t know about other national pavilions.

在看了12個展館後,我停止了參觀,因為沒有一個展館展示了建築。(捷克館似乎關閉了,入口前的螢幕展示著人們討論低收入和長時間工作的影片。)

I gave up after seeing no architecture in 12 out of 12 pavilions. (The Czech pavilion seemed closed and a video screen in front of the closed entrance was displaying faces talking about low income and long hours of work.)

這說明了什麼?難道在德國法國等西方國家都沒有值得關注的建築作品嗎?建築設計和建造只是一種良心不安時的藉口嗎? 這種不安是否是拒絕展示任何當代建築的起因(這種現象到現在已經普遍存在十多年)?

What does this tell us? That there is no noteworthy architecture in Germany, France etc. etc .etc. or anywhere in the Western world? Is the design and construction of buildings only an occasion for bad conscience? Is this bad conscience the motive force behind the refusal (by now pervasive for more than a decade) to display any contemporary architecture whatsoever?

德國館充斥著建築材料,在那裡停留超過兩秒鐘都是沒有意義的。只需一眼,就可以知道整個展館想要表達的內容(畢竟這個內容已經被反覆強調多年):材料回收的道德必要性。幾年前也有一個非常相似的內容填充了空間(並消耗了預算):不要建造,重複使用/翻新。館內還填滿了當前事務相關問題,例如難民危機的文獻。總是有比建築更重要和緊急的事情,但問題是,當我們已經在電視上看了幾個月的難民危機,為什麼我們來到威尼斯參加雙年展時還需要看這些?這個顯而易見的問題似乎從未被提及過。

The German pavilion is filled with piles of construction material. There is no point to spend more than two seconds in there. A single glance and you get the one-liner message (because this message had been reiterated for years): The moral (if not practical/economic) imperative of material recycling. There was also a very similar one-liner message filling the space (and consuming the budget) a few years ago: don’t build, re-use/renovate. Inbetween the pavilion was filled with documentation of current affairs issues like the refugee crisis. There always seems to be something more important and urgent than architecture. The obvious question why we should look at documentations of the refugee crisis when coming to Venice for the Biennale after we have been hearing about the refugee crisis on television every day for months was apparently never asked.

德國建築在威尼斯建築雙年展已經缺席多年,英國建築同樣如此;為什麼這些國家的建築師會容忍這一現象令人費解。他們難道是因為對自己的工作感到慚愧而不敢冒然出頭?

German architecture has been absent in Venice for years. the same applies to British architecture. Why the architects of these countries put up with this seems puzzling. Are they too shamefaced about their work to raise their heads above the parapet?

德國館為例,德國建築師協會主席今天在充滿上屆雙年展廢墟的德國館前的一次談話中,明確表示了目前建築的缺席。所有這些策展人,到底期望前來參觀建築雙年展的普通公眾對此有何看法?

In the case of the German pavilion the current emphatic absence of architecture has been explicitly endorsed by the president of the German chamber of architects today in a conversation in front of the German pavilion filled with the rubble of the previous Biennale. What are all these curators expecting the unsuspecting general public who come to visit an architecture Biennale to make of this?

只有中國館展示了建築,大量的建築。在國際展展覽中,再次只有中國建築師展示建築作品:如恩設計研究室和張軻(標準營造建築事務所)。另一個例外是由阿賈耶事務所呈現的一系列同樣令人印象深刻的建築作品。

Only the Chinese pavilion shows architecture, plenty of architecture. In the international show its again only Chinese architects who show work: Neru&Hu, and especially Zhang Ke (Standard Architecture) is showing an impressive suite of projects. The other fantastic exception is the suite of equally impressive projects by Adjaye Associates.

第18屆威尼斯建築雙年展主題展 – “閾境” / 如恩設計
第18屆威尼斯建築雙年展主題展 – “閾境” / 如恩設計

其他受邀者都在利用展覽空間進行紀錄片式的智力藝術暗示,以道德問題為主題,並配以自負的批判性語言;當然,他們從未真正提出明確的立場或建設性建議。

Everybody else invited has been playing along with using exhibition space for documentary-style intellectual-artistic allusions to moral issues, garnished with pretentious critical-speak, of course without ever taking the risk of really taking up an explicit position or offering constructive proposal.

這麼做是為了什麼,是為了激發對話嗎?建築師想要談論(和看到)建築。他們不會談論去殖民化等議題。也許建築教育家會談論這些問題。也許這就是為什麼建築設計已經從大多數(尤其是最負盛名的)建築學院中消失了。

What’s the point of all this? Is it meant to inspire conversations? Architects want to talk about (and see) architecture. They won’t talk about decolonising xyz. Perhaps architectural educators talk about such matters. Perhaps thats why architectural design has disappeared from most (especially the most prestigious) schools of architecture.

我曾多次在威尼斯目睹了建築師們對這些“反建築”雙年展的反應。就像這次一樣,他們都會抓住少數幾個卓越的建築實例來討論,然後表示他們對雙年展充斥著虛偽的概念符號裝置感到沮喪。

I have been coming to Venice witnessing architects reactions to several of these anti-architectural biennales. Like this time too, they all cling to the few exceptional instances of architecture and talk about those, and then about their frustration with the swamping of the Biennale with virtue signalling conceptual-symbolic installations.

這個展會特意選取參展建築師,使其50%以上是非洲建築師或非洲僑民。然而如果沒有大衛·阿賈耶的建築作品,就不會有非洲建築出現在展覽中(我還沒有找到弗朗西斯·凱雷的展品)。也許專注於小型工作室和沒有作品的教育工作者是個錯誤。我對非洲建築師和非洲建築很感興趣,但看完展覽後,我並沒有變得更瞭解他們;阿賈耶的項目是一個例外。我認為這是一個重要的事實,也是發展和願景的訊號,非洲大陸上現在存在著如此複雜的世界級建築,這一事實對非洲大陸的重要性和影響不應被低估。

This show is meant to be at least to 50% featuring architects (at least originally) from Africa. Without David Adaye’s work – which I would suspect is the only display at this Biennale that would fill a visitor from Africa with pride – there would be no African architecture in the show. (I did not find Francis Kéré’s display). Perhaps it was a mistake to focus on small studios and educators who don’t have work. I was curious about African architects and African architecture but I am no wiser after seeing the show. The notable exception are Adjaye’s projects. I think it is a significant fact and signal of development and aspiration, that such sophisticated world class buildings now exist on the African continent, a fact the importance and impact of which for the continent should not be underestimated.

儘管西方建築文化(以及整個西方文化)將其所有建築排除在“建築”雙年展之外,讓人慚愧與內疚;但與之形成鮮明對比的是,中國建築文化以充分的力量和自信出現在這裡。中國建築師和中國國家館(包括香港館)幾乎提供了整個雙年展中的所有建築(阿賈耶事務所的作品除外)。

While Western architectural culture (and Western culture in general) seems shamefaced and guilt ridden, excluding all its architecture from the “Architecture” Biennale, Chinese architectural culture, in positive contrast, is here in full force and self-confidence. Chinese architects and the Chinese national pavilion (including the Hong Kong pavilion) deliver virtually all the architecture (excepting Adjaye Associates) in the whole Biennale.
阿賈耶作品 image by Andrea Avezzù, courtesy of La Biennale di Venezia

如果我期望在建築雙年展上看到建築設計,我對建築學的看法是否太狹隘了?我不這麼認為。無論我們想要解決哪些社會、政治或道德問題,如何展示它們與建築的關係,都應該通過對這些問題做出回應的項目來呈現。

Is my conception of architecture as discipline too narrow if I expect to see architectural design in an architecture biennale? I don’t think so. Whatever social, political or moral issues we want to address, the way to show their relevance to architecture is via projects that claim to respond to these issues.

當99%的展覽空間被紀錄片、批判性藝術實踐和象徵性裝置所主導,而建築作品無處可見時,任何關於“建築作為擴展場域”的討論,都無法使我相信我們仍處於一個建築展會中。

No talk about “architecture as expanded field” can convince me that we are still in an architectural event when the scene is dominated by documentaries, critical art practice and symbolic installations while architectural works are nowhere to be seen in 99% of the exhibition space.

如果世界上所有可悲的、不公正的、緊迫的事情現在都是建築領域的當務之急,那麼這不僅是與建築學的能力毫無關係的荒謬過度,還是這門學科的解體和消失。在學術界、在西方建築流派中,這一過程已經在威尼斯雙年展中得到了推動。當然,儘管沒有任何學術界的支援,也沒有在任何雙年展(包括威尼斯或芝加哥雙年展)中得到呈現和討論,建築師的專業工作仍在繼續。這些專業工作似乎已經被排除在討論範圍外,它們要麼太平庸,要麼在道德上太妥協,無法在一個批判性文化活動的崇高領域中獲得平台。即使是專業建築師,一旦被任命為策展人,似乎也會得出這樣的結論。他們將日常工作和專業能力拋在腦後,成為業餘的社會批評家/評論員。

If everything lamentable or unjust, or urgent in the world is now an urgent, overriding concern of architecture, then this is not only an absurd overreach unhinged from architecture’s competency, but the very dissolution and disappearance of this discipline. In academia, in Western schools of architecture, this process has been driven as far as in the Venice Biennale. Of course, the professional work of architecture continues, albeit without any support from academia, or without any representation and discussion in any Biennale, be it Venice, or Chicago. The professional work of architects seems to be beyond the pale, either too banal or morally too compromised to receive a platform in the lofty realm of a critical cultural event. Even professional architects seem to reach this conclusion once they are appointed as curators. They leave their day job, their work and professional competence behind to become dilettante social critics/commentators.

到目前為止,將社會弊病主題化的方法已經成為標準的、意料之中的、不容置疑的、安全的選擇;這也很容易組織和節約成本。與其冒險和艱難地選擇、解釋選擇並與25個建築師打交道,不如委託一個(或兩到三個)藝術家來解釋主題,並讓他們獨自完成。這太方便了,而且成本很低。對於國家館的策展人來說,這是減輕策展負擔最簡單的方法,但這是一種懶惰、蹩腳和可預見的逃避。

By now the approach of thematising social ills has become the standard, the expected, unassailable, safe option. Its also easy to organise and cost effective. Instead of the risky and difficult task to select, explain the selection, and deal with 25 architects, a single artist can be commissioned (or two to three) to interpret the theme, and be left alone to do so. Its all too convenient and cost effected. For the curators of the national pavilions this is the easiest way to discharge the curatorial burden. But its such a lazy, lame and predictable cop out.

這種情況還將持續多久?多年來,威尼斯建築雙年展作為全球首屈一指的建築盛會,已經建立了一個無可比擬的明星地位。然而,我認為該展會現在正在逐漸消耗其建立起來的聲譽及其社會資本。如果它繼續淡化,甚至主動迴避或取代其作為建築展會的使命,它最終也或將被取代。威尼斯建築雙年展多年來為我們學科所發揮的重要作用,也將被任何人獲得或利用。

How long can this continue? The Venice Architecture Biennale, over many years, has built up a stellar, unrivalled position as #1 global architectural gathering. However, I think the event is now gradually consuming and drawing down its built up reputation. Its consuming its social capital. If the event keeps diluting, even actively avoiding or displacing its mission as architectural event, it becomes vulnerable to new possible contenders if they are delivering what is being expected by the silent majority of architects and I presume by the general public. There is nothing in sight here but the vital function the Venice Architecture Biennale used to fulfil for our discipline for many years (and that needs to be fulfilled) is up for grabs.

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